Docker持久化存储 - HelloWorld开发者社区

　　Docker的镜像是只读的，但是容器是可写的，我们可以将数据写入到容器，不过一旦容器删除数据将会丢失，那么有什么办法能将数据进行持久化存储呢？

一、Data Volume

在执行docker run 时，通过-v参数将主机目录作为容器的数据卷，这就是基于本地文件系统Volumn管理。

1、Volume类型

受管理的Volume，由docker后台自动创建
绑定挂载的Volume，具体挂载位置由用户指定

2、docker后台自动创建

以mysql镜像为例说明，进入到https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql查看详情。

启动docker服务

[root@docker-node1 ~]# systemctl start docker
拉取mysql镜像

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker pull mysql Using default tag: latest latest: Pulling from library/mysql 619014d83c02: Pulling fs layer 9ced578c3a5f: Pulling fs layer

注意：如果出现Get https://registry-1.docker.io/v2/library/mysql/manifests/latest: dial tcp: lookup registry-1.docker.io on 8.8.8.8:53: read udp 192.168.0.109:41429->8.8.8.8:53: i/o timeout这种问题，可以尝试修改/etc/resolv.conf文件，加入nameserver 8.8.4.4

Docker持久化存储

[root@docker-node1 ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4

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运行mysql镜像

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker run -d --name mysql1 -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=true mysql 9dd537e48f16fd924f19f95aa38d15e08bdfa254d65ee66f1e19331ed6e79ce3 [root@docker-node1 ~]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 9dd537e48f16 mysql "docker-entrypoint.s…" 20 seconds ago Up 11 seconds 3306/tcp, 33060/tcp mysql1

这样就启动了一个mysql的容器mysql1，但是显然我们并没有指定数据库中表指定放到什么地方，那么它给我们自动放到什么地方了呢？

我们可以看看mysql的Dockerfile：

Docker持久化存储

FROM debian:stretch-slim

# add our user and group first to make sure their IDs get assigned consistently, regardless of whatever dependencies get added
RUN groupadd -r mysql && useradd -r -g mysql mysql

RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gnupg dirmngr && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

# add gosu for easy step-down from root
ENV GOSU_VERSION 1.7
RUN set -x \
    && apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends ca-certificates wget && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
    && wget -O /usr/local/bin/gosu "https://github.com/tianon/gosu/releases/download/$GOSU_VERSION/gosu-$(dpkg --print-architecture)" \
    && wget -O /usr/local/bin/gosu.asc "https://github.com/tianon/gosu/releases/download/$GOSU_VERSION/gosu-$(dpkg --print-architecture).asc" \
    && export GNUPGHOME="$(mktemp -d)" \
    && gpg --batch --keyserver ha.pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys B42F6819007F00F88E364FD4036A9C25BF357DD4 \
    && gpg --batch --verify /usr/local/bin/gosu.asc /usr/local/bin/gosu \
    && gpgconf --kill all \
    && rm -rf "$GNUPGHOME" /usr/local/bin/gosu.asc \
    && chmod +x /usr/local/bin/gosu \
    && gosu nobody true \
    && apt-get purge -y --auto-remove ca-certificates wget

RUN mkdir /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d

RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
# for MYSQL_RANDOM_ROOT_PASSWORD
        pwgen \
# for mysql_ssl_rsa_setup
        openssl \
# FATAL ERROR: please install the following Perl modules before executing /usr/local/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db:
# File::Basename
# File::Copy
# Sys::Hostname
# Data::Dumper
        perl \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

RUN set -ex; \
# gpg: key 5072E1F5: public key "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>" imported
    key='A4A9406876FCBD3C456770C88C718D3B5072E1F5'; \
    export GNUPGHOME="$(mktemp -d)"; \
    gpg --batch --keyserver ha.pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys "$key"; \
    gpg --batch --export "$key" > /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/mysql.gpg; \
    gpgconf --kill all; \
    rm -rf "$GNUPGHOME"; \
    apt-key list > /dev/null

ENV MYSQL_MAJOR 8.0
ENV MYSQL_VERSION 8.0.19-1debian9

RUN echo "deb http://repo.mysql.com/apt/debian/ stretch mysql-${MYSQL_MAJOR}" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mysql.list

# the "/var/lib/mysql" stuff here is because the mysql-server postinst doesn't have an explicit way to disable the mysql_install_db codepath besides having a database already "configured" (ie, stuff in /var/lib/mysql/mysql)
# also, we set debconf keys to make APT a little quieter
RUN { \
        echo mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/data-dir select ''; \
        echo mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/root-pass password ''; \
        echo mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/re-root-pass password ''; \
        echo mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/remove-test-db select false; \
    } | debconf-set-selections \
    && apt-get update && apt-get install -y mysql-community-client="${MYSQL_VERSION}" mysql-community-server-core="${MYSQL_VERSION}" && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/mysql && mkdir -p /var/lib/mysql /var/run/mysqld \
    && chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql /var/run/mysqld \
# ensure that /var/run/mysqld (used for socket and lock files) is writable regardless of the UID our mysqld instance ends up having at runtime
    && chmod 777 /var/run/mysqld

VOLUME /var/lib/mysql  #持久化存储
# Config files
COPY config/ /etc/mysql/
COPY docker-entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin/
RUN ln -s usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh /entrypoint.sh # backwards compat
ENTRYPOINT ["docker-entrypoint.sh"]

EXPOSE 3306 33060
CMD ["mysqld"]

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实际上已经帮我们持久化存储到主机的/var/lib/mysql目录中了。

另外可以看到主机上有一条volume的记录：

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker volume ls
DRIVER              VOLUME NAME
local               5c4fbbc613e046baf9e148a301ef94ef09e4fc57312edd907885336e9ecd5bc1

可以看看这个存储卷记录的具体信息：

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker volume inspect 5c4fbbc613e046baf9e148a301ef94ef09e4fc57312edd907885336e9ecd5bc1
[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2020-02-03T13:24:30+08:00",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/5c4fbbc613e046baf9e148a301ef94ef09e4fc57312edd907885336e9ecd5bc1/_data",
        "Name": "5c4fbbc613e046baf9e148a301ef94ef09e4fc57312edd907885336e9ecd5bc1",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]

持久化存储

如果我们讲这个容器删掉，这个存储卷还存在吗？可以尝试一下：

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker rm -f mysql1 #删掉mysql1容器
mysql1
[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker volume ls #存储卷仍旧存在
DRIVER              VOLUME NAME
local               5c4fbbc613e046baf9e148a301ef94ef09e4fc57312edd907885336e9ecd5bc1

可以看到虽然mysql的容器不在了，但是它的存储卷依旧存在。

3、用户指定挂载位置

上面你也许已经看到了一些需要自定义的地方：其一，volume name的名字太长了，需要自己指定；其二，volume持久化的目录需要自己指定。

容器重命名以及指定挂载位置

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker run -d -v /home/mysql:/var/lib/mysql --name mysql1 -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=true mysql 0e560c5c9caf902c0d9647ef1d7995803d9dfde8e0db2c529d97f913f943bdf5

上面通过-v参数指定mysql的挂载位置（主机文件位置：容器文件位置[Dockerfile中已经指定]），通过--name指定容器的名称，如下所示：

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                 NAMES
0e560c5c9caf        mysql               "docker-entrypoint.s…"   9 seconds ago       Up 7 seconds        3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   mysql1

测试持久化

现在，可以先进入到这个容器中，对mysql的数据库中做一些改变，然后删掉容器：

（1）进入容器

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker exec -it mysql1 /bin/sh

（2）进入mysql

# mysql -uroot
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 8.0.19 MySQL Community Server - GPL

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

（3）创建test数据库

mysql> create database test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.36 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

（4）删掉mysql1容器

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker rm -f mysql1
mysql1

（5）新建mysql2容器

新建mysql2容器，并且指向mysql1容器的存储卷：

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker run -d -v /home/mysql:/var/lib/mysql --name mysql2 -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=true mysql
9fc1aff1e798b0b6b4c01b26160877253c655f137a542734eb81b2b8984af66c

然后可以进入到mysql2容器中查看mysql中是否有mysql1容器创建的test数据库：

[root@docker-node1 ~]# docker exec -it mysql2 /bin/sh #进入mysql2容器
# mysql -uroot
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 8.0.19 MySQL Community Server - GPL

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show databases; 
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.16 sec)

可以看到却是存在test数据库，这样也就实现了volume持久化。

二、Bind Mounting

1、bing mounting和data volume的区别

data volume 需要在 Dockerfile文件中定义 volume，这种方式较多的是将容器映射到本地，实现容器与外部程序共享数据。
bind mounting 只需要 -v 指明容器外部文件夹和容器映射文件夹的对应关系，将本地的文件映射到容器内。

2、bind mounting的应用

在bindmounting-test文件夹中新建两个文件

[root@docker-node1 bindmounting-test]# ls Dockerfile index.html
编写Dockerfile文件

FROM nginx #基础镜像 WORKDIR /usr/share/nginx/html #工作目录，容器内的目录 COPY index.html . #将本机当前目录下的index.html文件拷贝到上述工作目录下
编写index.html
hello
Hello Docker!
生成镜像

[root@docker-node1 bindmounting-test]# docker build -t docker-nginx . Sending build context to Docker daemon 3.072kB Step 1/3 : FROM nginx ---> f68d6e55e065 Step 2/3 : WORKDIR /usr/share/nginx/html ---> Running in 3b784d71c4dc Removing intermediate container 3b784d71c4dc ---> 10cef7e9bbb9 Step 3/3 : COPY index.html . ---> f43b1a1b7bef Successfully built f43b1a1b7bef Successfully tagged docker-nginx:latest
运行docker-nginx镜像

[root@docker-node1 bindmounting-test]# docker run -d -p 80:80 --name web docker-nginx 22c28d4887d222785a3c60ca28c2fe79ff82ff9e630af0cdbb48232171732c90

上面通过-p进行了端口暴露，可通过外网访问：

Docker持久化存储

　　但是难道每次修改index.html文件都需要重新生成镜像，然后运行吗？我们可以通过bing mounting进行映射，如果本地文件变了，容器内的就会改变。这样就不会重新生成镜像了。

使用bind mounting

[root@docker-node1 bindmounting-test]# ls Dockerfile index.html [root@docker-node1 bindmounting-test]# docker run -d -v $(pwd):/usr/share/nginx/html -p 80:80 --name web docker-nginx f4661067be3fdead6c627bc00a054244b92207d42baebafdc37b8c8a8fe6f3cb

　　可以看到上面我将$(pwd)这个当前路劲的文件，也就是bindmounting-test文件夹中内容映射到容器/usr/share/nginx/html目录下，如果本地bindmounting-test文件夹下有文件更改了，容器中自然会变化。

　　例如，修改本地index.html文件中的内容：

[root@docker-node1 bindmounting-test]# vim index.html

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">

  <title>hello</title>

</head>

<body>
  <h1>Hello </h1>
</body>
</html>

此时，再刷新页面：

Docker持久化存储