Google 开源的依赖注入库，比 Spring 更小更快！

来源 | zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/24924391

Guice是Google开源的一个依赖注入类库，相比于Spring IoC来说更小更快。Elasticsearch大量使用了Guice，本文简单的介绍下Guice的基本概念和使用方式。

学习目标

概述：了解Guice是什么，有什么特点；
快速开始：通过实例了解Guice；
核心概念：了解Guice涉及的核心概念，如绑定（Binding）、范围（Scope）和注入（Injection）；
最佳实践：官方推荐的最佳实践；

Guice概述

Guice是Google开源的依赖注入类库，通过Guice减少了对工厂方法和new的使用，使得代码更易交付、测试和重用；
Guice可以帮助我们更好地设计API，它是个轻量级非侵入式的类库；
Guice对开发友好，当有异常发生时能提供更多有用的信息用于分析；

快速开始

假设一个在线预订Pizza的网站，其有一个计费服务接口：

public interface BillingService { /** * 通过信用卡支付。无论支付成功与否都需要记录交易信息。 * * @return 交易回执。支付成功时返回成功信息，否则记录失败原因。 */ Receipt chargeOrder(PizzaOrder order, CreditCard creditCard); }

使用new的方式获取信用卡支付处理器和数据库交易日志记录器：

`public class RealBillingService implements BillingService {
  public Receipt chargeOrder(PizzaOrder order, CreditCard creditCard) {
    CreditCardProcessor processor = new PaypalCreditCardProcessor();
    TransactionLog transactionLog = new DatabaseTransactionLog();

    try {
      ChargeResult result = processor.charge(creditCard, order.getAmount());
      transactionLog.logChargeResult(result);

      return result.wasSuccessful()
          ? Receipt.forSuccessfulCharge(order.getAmount())
          : Receipt.forDeclinedCharge(result.getDeclineMessage());
     } catch (UnreachableException e) {
      transactionLog.logConnectException(e);
      return Receipt.forSystemFailure(e.getMessage());
    }
  }
}
`

使用new的问题是使得代码耦合，不易维护和测试。比如在UT里不可能直接用真实的信用卡支付，需要Mock一个CreditCardProcessor。相比于new，更容易想到的改进是使用工厂方法，但是工厂方法在测试中仍存在问题（因为通常使用全局变量来保存实例，如果在用例中未重置可能会影响其他用例）。更好的方式是通过构造方法注入依赖：

`public class RealBillingService implements BillingService {
private final CreditCardProcessor processor;
private final TransactionLog transactionLog;

  public RealBillingService(CreditCardProcessor processor,
      TransactionLog transactionLog) {
    this.processor = processor;
    this.transactionLog = transactionLog;
  }

  public Receipt chargeOrder(PizzaOrder order, CreditCard creditCard) {
    try {
      ChargeResult result = processor.charge(creditCard, order.getAmount());
      transactionLog.logChargeResult(result);

对于真实的网站应用可以注入真正的业务处理服务类：

public static void main(String[] args) { CreditCardProcessor processor = new PaypalCreditCardProcessor(); TransactionLog transactionLog = new DatabaseTransactionLog(); BillingService billingService = new RealBillingService(processor, transactionLog); ... }

而在测试用例中可以注入Mock类：

`public class RealBillingServiceTest extends TestCase {

private final PizzaOrder order = new PizzaOrder(100);
private final CreditCard creditCard = new CreditCard("1234", 11, 2010);

private final InMemoryTransactionLog transactionLog = new InMemoryTransactionLog();
private final FakeCreditCardProcessor processor = new FakeCreditCardProcessor();

  public void testSuccessfulCharge() {
    RealBillingService billingService
        = new RealBillingService(processor, transactionLog);
    Receipt receipt = billingService.chargeOrder(order, creditCard);

    assertTrue(receipt.hasSuccessfulCharge());
    assertEquals(100, receipt.getAmountOfCharge());
    assertEquals(creditCard, processor.getCardOfOnlyCharge());
    assertEquals(100, processor.getAmountOfOnlyCharge());
    assertTrue(transactionLog.wasSuccessLogged());
  }
}
`

那通过Guice怎么实现依赖注入呢？首先我们需要告诉Guice如果找到接口对应的实现类，这个可以通过模块来实现：

public class BillingModule extends AbstractModule { @Override protected void configure() { bind(TransactionLog.class).to(DatabaseTransactionLog.class); bind(CreditCardProcessor.class).to(PaypalCreditCardProcessor.class); bind(BillingService.class).to(RealBillingService.class); } }

这里的模块只需要实现Module接口或继承自AbstractModule，然后在configure方法中设置绑定（后面会继续介绍）即可。然后只需在原有的构造方法中增加@Inject注解即可注入：

`public class RealBillingService implements BillingService {
private final CreditCardProcessor processor;
private final TransactionLog transactionLog;

  @Inject
  public RealBillingService(CreditCardProcessor processor,
      TransactionLog transactionLog) {
    this.processor = processor;
    this.transactionLog = transactionLog;
  }

最后，再看看main方法中是如何调用的：

public static void main(String[] args) { Injector injector = Guice.createInjector(new BillingModule()); BillingService billingService = injector.getInstance(BillingService.class); ... }

绑定

连接绑定

连接绑定是最常用的绑定方式，它将一个类型和它的实现进行映射。下面的例子中将TransactionLog接口映射到它的实现类DatabaseTransactionLog。

public class BillingModule extends AbstractModule { @Override protected void configure() { bind(TransactionLog.class).to(DatabaseTransactionLog.class); } }

连接绑定还支持链式，比如下面的例子最终将TransactionLog接口映射到实现类MySqlDatabaseTransactionLog。

public class BillingModule extends AbstractModule { @Override protected void configure() { bind(TransactionLog.class).to(DatabaseTransactionLog.class); bind(DatabaseTransactionLog.class).to(MySqlDatabaseTransactionLog.class); } }

注解绑定

通过一个类型可能存在多个实现，比如在信用卡支付处理器中存在PayPal的支付和Google支付，这样通过连接绑定就搞不定。这时我们可以通过注解绑定来实现：

`@BindingAnnotation
@Target({ FIELD, PARAMETER, METHOD })
@Retention(RUNTIME)
public @interface PayPal {}

public class RealBillingService implements BillingService {

  @Inject
  public RealBillingService(@PayPal CreditCardProcessor processor,
      TransactionLog transactionLog) {
    ...
  }
}

// 当注入的方法参数存在@PayPal注解时注入PayPalCreditCardProcessor实现
bind(CreditCardProcessor.class).annotatedWith(PayPal.class).to(PayPalCreditCardProcessor.class);
`

可以看到在模块的绑定时用annotatedWith方法指定具体的注解来进行绑定，这种方式有一个问题就是我们必须增加自定义的注解来绑定，基于此Guice内置了一个@Named注解满足该场景：

`public class RealBillingService implements BillingService {

  @Inject
  public RealBillingService(@Named("Checkout") CreditCardProcessor processor,
      TransactionLog transactionLog) {
    ...
  }
}

// 当注入的方法参数存在@Named注解且值为Checkout时注入CheckoutCreditCardProcessor实现
bind(CreditCardProcessor.class).annotatedWith(Names.named("Checkout")).to(CheckoutCreditCardProcessor.class);
`

实例绑定

将一个类型绑定到一个具体的实例而非实现类，这个通过是在无依赖的对象（比如值对象）中使用。如果toInstance包含复杂的逻辑会导致启动速度，此时应该通过@Provides方法绑定。

bind(String.class).annotatedWith(Names.named("JDBC URL")).toInstance("jdbc:mysql://localhost/pizza"); bind(Integer.class).annotatedWith(Names.named("login timeout seconds")).toInstance(10);

@Provides方法绑定

模块中定义的、带有@Provides注解的、方法返回值即为绑定映射的类型。

`public class BillingModule extends AbstractModule {
  @Override
  protected void configure() {
    ...
  }

  @Provides
  TransactionLog provideTransactionLog() {
    DatabaseTransactionLog transactionLog = new DatabaseTransactionLog();
    transactionLog.setJdbcUrl("jdbc:mysql://localhost/pizza");
    transactionLog.setThreadPoolSize(30);
    return transactionLog;
  }

  @Provides @PayPal
  CreditCardProcessor providePayPalCreditCardProcessor(@Named("PayPal API key") String apiKey) {
    PayPalCreditCardProcessor processor = new PayPalCreditCardProcessor();
    processor.setApiKey(apiKey);
    return processor;
  }
}
`

Provider绑定

如果使用@Provides方法绑定逻辑越来越复杂时就可以通过Provider绑定（一个实现了Provider接口的实现类）来实现。

`public interface Provider {
T get();
}

public class DatabaseTransactionLogProvider implements Provider {
private final Connection connection;

  @Inject
  public DatabaseTransactionLogProvider(Connection connection) {
    this.connection = connection;
  }

  public TransactionLog get() {
    DatabaseTransactionLog transactionLog = new DatabaseTransactionLog();
    transactionLog.setConnection(connection);
    return transactionLog;
  }
}

public class BillingModule extends AbstractModule {
  @Override
  protected void configure() {
    bind(TransactionLog.class).toProvider(DatabaseTransactionLogProvider.class);
  }
}
`

无目标绑定

当我们想提供对一个具体的类给注入器时就可以采用无目标绑定。

bind(MyConcreteClass.class); bind(AnotherConcreteClass.class).in(Singleton.class);

构造器绑定

3.0新增的绑定，适用于第三方提供的类或者是有多个构造器参与依赖注入。通过@Provides方法可以显式调用构造器，但是这种方式有一个限制：无法给这些实例应用AOP。

public class BillingModule extends AbstractModule { @Override protected void configure() { try { bind(TransactionLog.class).toConstructor(DatabaseTransactionLog.class.getConstructor(DatabaseConnection.class)); } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) { addError(e); } } }

范围

默认情况下，Guice每次都会返回一个新的实例，这个可以通过范围（Scope）来配置。常见的范围有单例（@Singleton）、会话（@SessionScoped）和请求（@RequestScoped），另外还可以通过自定义的范围来扩展。

范围的注解可以应该在实现类、@Provides方法中，或在绑定的时候指定（优先级最高）：

`@Singleton
public class InMemoryTransactionLog implements TransactionLog {
/* everything here should be threadsafe! */
}

// scopes apply to the binding source, not the binding target
bind(TransactionLog.class).to(InMemoryTransactionLog.class).in(Singleton.class);

@Provides @Singleton
TransactionLog provideTransactionLog() {
...
}
`

另外，Guice还有一种特殊的单例模式叫饥饿单例（相对于懒加载单例来说）：

// Eager singletons reveal initialization problems sooner, // and ensure end-users get a consistent, snappy experience. bind(TransactionLog.class).to(InMemoryTransactionLog.class).asEagerSingleton();

注入

依赖注入的要求就是将行为和依赖分离，它建议将依赖注入而非通过工厂类的方法去查找。注入的方式通常有构造器注入、方法注入、属性注入等。

`// 构造器注入
public class RealBillingService implements BillingService {
private final CreditCardProcessor processorProvider;
private final TransactionLog transactionLogProvider;

  @Inject
  public RealBillingService(CreditCardProcessor processorProvider,
      TransactionLog transactionLogProvider) {
    this.processorProvider = processorProvider;
    this.transactionLogProvider = transactionLogProvider;
  }
}

// 方法注入
public class PayPalCreditCardProcessor implements CreditCardProcessor {
private static final String DEFAULT_API_KEY = "development-use-only";
private String apiKey = DEFAULT_API_KEY;

  @Inject
  public void setApiKey(@Named("PayPal API key") String apiKey) {
    this.apiKey = apiKey;
  }
}

// 属性注入
public class DatabaseTransactionLogProvider implements Provider {
@Inject Connection connection;

  public TransactionLog get() {
    return new DatabaseTransactionLog(connection);
  }
}

// 可选注入：当找不到映射时不报错
public class PayPalCreditCardProcessor implements CreditCardProcessor {
private static final String SANDBOX_API_KEY = "development-use-only";
private String apiKey = SANDBOX_API_KEY;

  @Inject(optional=true)
  public void setApiKey(@Named("PayPal API key") String apiKey) {
    this.apiKey = apiKey;
  }
}
`

辅助注入

辅助注入（Assisted Inject）属于Guice扩展的一部分，它通过@Assisted注解自动生成工厂来加强非注入参数的使用。

`// RealPayment中有两个参数startDate和amount无法直接注入
public class RealPayment implements Payment {
  public RealPayment(
        CreditService creditService,  // from the Injector
        AuthService authService,  // from the Injector
        Date startDate, // from the instance's creator
        Money amount); // from the instance's creator
  }
  ...
}

// 一种方式是增加一个工厂来构造
public interface PaymentFactory {
public Payment create(Date startDate, Money amount);
}

public class RealPaymentFactory implements PaymentFactory {
private final Provider creditServiceProvider;
private final Provider authServiceProvider;

  @Inject
  public RealPaymentFactory(Provider creditServiceProvider,
      Provider authServiceProvider) {
    this.creditServiceProvider = creditServiceProvider;
    this.authServiceProvider = authServiceProvider;
  }

  public Payment create(Date startDate, Money amount) {
    return new RealPayment(creditServiceProvider.get(),
      authServiceProvider.get(), startDate, amount);
  }
}

bind(PaymentFactory.class).to(RealPaymentFactory.class);

// 通过@Assisted注解可以减少RealPaymentFactory
public class RealPayment implements Payment {
  @Inject
  public RealPayment(
        CreditService creditService,
        AuthService authService,
        @Assisted Date startDate,
        @Assisted Money amount);
  }
  ...
}

// Guice 2.0
//bind(PaymentFactory.class).toProvider(FactoryProvider.newFactory(PaymentFactory.class, RealPayment.class));
// Guice 3.0
install(new FactoryModuleBuilder().implement(Payment.class, RealPayment.class).build(PaymentFactory.class));
`