Linux 多线程 - HelloWorld开发者社区

I. 同步机制

线程间的同步机制主要包括三个：

互斥锁：
以排他的方式，防止共享资源被并发访问；
互斥锁为二元变量，状态为0-开锁、1-上锁;
开锁必须由上锁的线程执行，不受其它线程干扰.

条件变量：
满足某个特定条件时，可通过条件变量通知其它线程do-something;
必须与互斥锁*联合使用，单独无法执行.

读写锁：
针对多读者，少写者的情况设定

允许多读，但此时不可写；

唯一写，此时不可读.

函数的头文件为：

    #include <phtread.h>

1. 互斥锁

操作流程：

I. 创建互斥锁

II. 申请锁：若可用，立刻占用；否则，阻塞等待

III. do-something

IV. 释放锁

V. 销毁锁

以下是互斥锁的基本操作函数：

功能

函数

参数

返回值

说明

初始化锁

int pthread_mutex_init(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex,
const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr)

1. mutex: 欲建立的互斥锁
2.attr:属性，一般为NULL

成功：0
失败：非零值

阻塞申请锁

int pthread_mutex_lock(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex)

mutex:互斥锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

若未申请到，
阻塞等待

非阻塞申请

int pthread_mutex_trylock(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex)

mutex:互斥锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

若未申请到，
返回错误

释放锁

int pthread_mutex_unlock(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex)

mutex:互斥锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

销毁锁

int pthread_mutex_destroy(
pthread_mutex_t *mutex)

mutex:互斥锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

2. 条件变量

注意，条件变量必须与互斥锁共同使用；

以下是条件变量的基本操作函数：

功能

函数

参数

返回值

说明

初始化锁

int pthread_cond_init(
pthread_cond_t *cond,
const pthread_condattr_t *attr)

1. cond: 欲建立的条件变量
2.attr:属性，一般为NULL

成功：0
失败：非零值

等待条件变量

int pthread_cond_wait(
pthread_cond_t *cond,
pthread_mutex_t *mutex)

1.cond:条件变量
2.mutex:互斥锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

阻塞等待
隐含释放申请到的互斥锁

限时等待条件变量

int pthread_cond_timewait(
pthread_cond_t *cond,
pthread_mutex_t *mutex,
const struct timespec *time)

3.time:等待过期的绝对时间
从1970-1-1:0:0:0起

成功：0
失败：非零值

struct timespec{long ts_sec;
long ts_nsec}

单一通知

int pthread_cond_signal(
pthread_cond_t *cond)

cond:条件变量

成功：0
失败：非零值

唤醒等待cond的第一个线程
隐含获取需要的互斥锁

广播通知

int pthread_cond_broadcast(
pthread_cond_t *cond)

cond:条件变量

成功：0
失败：非零值

唤醒所有等待cond的线程
隐含获取需要的互斥锁

销毁条件变量

int pthread_cond_destroy(
pthread_cond_t *cond)

cond:条件变量

成功：0
失败：非零值

3. 读写锁

读写基本原则：

若当前线程读数据，则允许其他线程读数据，但不允许写

若当前线程写数据，则不允许其他线程读、写数据

以下是基本的操作：

功能

函数

参数

返回值

说明

初始化锁

int pthread_rwlock_init(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock,
const pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr)

1. rwlock: 欲建立的读写锁
2.attr:属性，一般为NULL

成功：0
失败：非零值

阻塞申请读锁

int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)

rwlock:读写锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

若未申请到，
阻塞等待

非阻塞申请

int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)

rwlock:读写锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

若未申请到，
返回错误

阻塞申请写锁

int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)

rwlock:读写锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

若未申请到，
阻塞等待

非阻塞申请写锁

int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)

rwlock:读写锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

若未申请到，
返回错误

释放锁

int pthread_mutex_unlock(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)

rwlock:读写锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

销毁锁

int pthread_rwlock_destroy(
pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)

rwlock:读写锁

成功：0
失败：非零值

4. 线程信号量

线程信号量类似进程的信号量，主要是使得多个线程访问共享资源时，顺序互斥访问。
与互斥锁的区别在于：

互斥锁：只有一个bool类型的值，只允许2个线程进行排队；

信号量：允许多个线程共同等待一个共享资源

函数如下：

     #include <semaphore.h>

功能

函数

参数

返回值

说明

创建信号量

int sem_init(sem_t *sem,
int pshared, unsigned int value)

1. sem:信号量地址;
2. pshared:是(!=0)否(0)为共享信号量
3. value:信号量初值

0: 成功
-1: 失败

P操作(阻塞)

int sem_wait(sem_t *sem)

sem:信号量地址

0: 成功
-1: 失败

P操作(非阻塞)

int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem)

sem:信号量地址

0: 成功
-1: 失败

P操作(时间)

int sem_timedwait(sem_t *sem,
const struct timespec *abs_timeout)

1. sem:信号量地址
2. abs_timeout:超时时间

0: 成功
-1: 失败

struct timespec 见下面

V操作

int sem_post(sem_t *sem)

sem:信号量地址

0: 成功
-1: 失败

获取信号量值

int sem_getvalue(sem_t *sem, int *sval)

1. sem:信号量地址
2. sval: 将信号量值放到该地址

0: 成功
-1: 失败

删除信号量

int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem)

sem:信号量地址

0: 成功
-1: 失败

struct timespec {
               time_t tv_sec;      /* Seconds */
               long   tv_nsec;     /* Nanoseconds [0 .. 999999999] */ };

II. 异步机制 - 信号

线程的异步机制只有信号，类似于线程的信号。

线程信号具备以下特点

任何线程都可以向其它线程(同一进程下)发送信号；

每个线程都具备自己独立的信号屏蔽集，不影响其它线程；

线程创建时，不继承原线程的信号屏蔽集；

同进程下，所有线程共享对某信号的处理方式，即一个设置，所有有效；

多个线程的程序，向某一个线程发送终止信号，则整个进程终止

信号的基本操作如下：

功能

函数

参数

返回值

说明

安装信号

sighandler_t signal(
int signum,
sighandler_t handler)

1.signum:信号值
2.handler:信号操作

详情参见：
http://www.cnblogs.com/Jimmy1988/p/7575103.html

发送信号

int pthread_kill(
pthread_t threadid,
int signo

1.threadid: 目标线程id
2.signo:信号值

成功：0
失败：非零值

若signo=0,
检测该线程是否存在，
不发送信号

设置屏蔽集

pthread_sigmask(int how,
const sigset_t *set,
sigset_t *oldset)

1.how:如何更改信号掩码
2.newmask:新的信号屏蔽集
3.原信号屏蔽集

成功：0
失败：非零值

how值：
1.SIG_BLOCK:添加新掩码
2.SIG_UNBLOCK:删除新掩码
3.SIG_SETMASK:设置新掩码完全替换旧值

也可以参考这篇博客：https://www.cnblogs.com/coding-my-life/p/4782529.html

III、示例代码

1.同步机制：

1). 互斥锁：

两个线程：

读线程：从stdin中读取数据，并存储

写线程：从存储buffer中读取数据并显示

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define SIZE 128 pthread_mutex_t mutex; int EXIT = 0; char word[SIZE]; void * child(void *arg) { while(1) { while(strlen(word) == 0) usleep(100); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); printf("The input words: %s\n", word); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); if(strcmp("end\n", word) == 0) { printf("The process end\n"); EXIT = 1; break; } memset(word, '\0', SIZE); } return ; } int main() { //1. create the lock pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL); //2.create a new thread pthread_t tid; pthread_create(&tid, NULL, (void *)*child, NULL); //3. Input words while(EXIT == 0) { if(strlen(word)!=0) usleep(100); //add the lock else { pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); printf("Input words: "); fgets(word, SIZE, stdin); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); } } pthread_join(tid, NULL); printf("The child has joined\n"); pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex); return 0; }

2). 条件变量：

生产者和消费者问题：

生产者:
向仓库生产数据(大小可任意设定)，当满时，阻塞等待仓库有空闲(由消费者消费完后通知)

消费者：
从仓库读数据，若仓库为空，则阻塞等待，当生产者再次生产产品后通知

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <pthread.h> #define SIZE 2 int Data[SIZE]; typedef struct { pthread_mutex_t lock; pthread_cond_t notFull; pthread_cond_t notEmpty; int read_point; int write_point; }sCOND; sCOND *pCondLock; void init(void) { //memset(pCondLock, 0, sizeof(sCOND)); //1.Create a mutex lock pthread_mutex_init(&pCondLock->lock, NULL); //2.Create two condition variable pthread_cond_init(&pCondLock->notFull, NULL); pthread_cond_init(&pCondLock->notEmpty, NULL); //set the read and write point 0 pCondLock->read_point = 0; pCondLock->write_point = 0; } int put(int data) { //obtain the mutex lock pthread_mutex_lock(&pCondLock->lock); //check the global variable Data full or not while((pCondLock->write_point+1)%SIZE == pCondLock->read_point) { printf("The buf is full, waitting for not_full signal\n"); pthread_cond_wait(&pCondLock->notFull, &pCondLock->lock); } //write the data to buffer Data[pCondLock->write_point] = data; pCondLock->write_point++; if(pCondLock->write_point == SIZE) pCondLock->write_point = 0; //unlock the mutex lock pthread_mutex_unlock(&pCondLock->lock); //wake up the not_empty signal pthread_cond_signal(&pCondLock->notEmpty); return 0; } int get(int *data) { //obtain the mutex lock pthread_mutex_lock(&pCondLock->lock); //check the global variable Data empty or not while(pCondLock->write_point == pCondLock->read_point) { printf("The buf is empty, waitting for not_empty signal\n"); pthread_cond_wait(&pCondLock->notEmpty, &pCondLock->lock); } //read the data from buffer *data = Data[pCondLock->read_point]; pCondLock->read_point++; if(pCondLock->read_point == SIZE) pCondLock->read_point = 0; //wake up the not_empty signal pthread_cond_signal(&pCondLock->notFull); pthread_mutex_unlock(&pCondLock->lock); return *data; } void *produce(void) { int times=0; //1. first 5 times, every second write a data to buffer for(times=0; times < 5; times++) { sleep(1); put(times+1); printf("Input date=%d\n", times+1); } //2. last 5 times, every 3 seconds write a data to buffer for(times = 5; times < 10; times++) { sleep(3); put(times+1); printf("Input date=%d\n", times+1); } } void *consume(void) { int times=0; int data=0; //10 times, every 2 seconds read the buffer for(times = 0; times < 10; times++) { sleep(2); data = get(&data); printf("The data is %d\n", data); } } int main() { pthread_t tid1, tid2; pCondLock = malloc(sizeof(sCOND)); memset(pCondLock, '\0', sizeof(sCOND)); //1.init the struct of sCondLock init(); //2. start two threads pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, (void*)*produce, NULL); pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, (void*)*consume, NULL); pthread_join(tid1, NULL); pthread_join(tid2, NULL); free(pCondLock); return 0; }

3). 读写锁：

四个线程：两读两写；

多进程可同时读，但此时不可写；
只有一个线程可写，其它线程等待该线程写完后执行响应的读/写操作

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define BUF_SIZE 128 char buf[BUF_SIZE]; pthread_rwlock_t rwlock; int time_to_exit = 0; void *read_first(void *arg); void *read_second(void *arg); void *write_first(void *arg); void *write_second(void *arg); int main() { pthread_t tid_rd1, tid_rd2; pthread_t tid_wr1, tid_wr2; //1.create a read-write-lock int ret = pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock, NULL); if(ret != 0) { perror("pthread_rwlock_init"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } //2. Create the read and write threads ret = pthread_create(&tid_rd1, NULL, (void *)*read_first, NULL); if(ret != 0) { perror("pthread_create"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } ret = pthread_create(&tid_rd2, NULL, (void *)*read_second, NULL); if(ret != 0) { perror("pthread_create"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } ret = pthread_create(&tid_wr1, NULL, (void *)*write_first, NULL); if(ret != 0) { perror("pthread_create"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } ret = pthread_create(&tid_wr2, NULL, (void *)*write_second, NULL); if(ret != 0) { perror("pthread_create"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } //3. wait for the threads finish pthread_join(tid_rd1, NULL); pthread_join(tid_rd2, NULL); pthread_join(tid_wr1, NULL); pthread_join(tid_wr2, NULL); //4. delete the read-write-lock pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock); return 0; } /***************************************************/ // Write threads void *write_first(void *arg) { while(!time_to_exit) { sleep(5); //1. get the read-lock pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock); printf("\nThis is thread write_first!\n"); printf("Pls input the string: "); fgets(buf, BUF_SIZE, stdin); pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); } printf("Exit the write_first!\n"); pthread_exit(0); } void *write_second(void *arg) { while(!time_to_exit) { sleep(10); //1. get the read-lock pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock); printf("\nThis is thread write_second!\n"); printf("Pls input the string: "); fgets(buf, BUF_SIZE, stdin); pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); } printf("Exit the write_second!\n"); pthread_exit(0); } //-----2. read the threads void *read_first(void *arg) { while(1) { sleep(5); pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock); printf("\nThis is thread read_first\n"); //if write an string of "end" if(!strncmp("end", buf, 3)) { printf("Exit the read_first!\n"); break; } //if nothing in the BUFFER while(strlen(buf) == 0) { pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); sleep(2); pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock); } //output the string in BUFFER printf("The string is: %s\n", buf); pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); } pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); //make the exit true time_to_exit = 1; pthread_exit(0); } void *read_second(void *arg) { while(1) { sleep(4); pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock); printf("\nThis is thread read_second\n"); //if write an string of "end" if(!strncmp("end", buf, 3)) { printf("Exit the read_second!\n"); break; } //if nothing in the BUFFER while(strlen(buf) == 0) { pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); sleep(2); pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock); } //output the string in BUFFER printf("The string is: %s\n", buf); pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); } pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); //make the exit true time_to_exit = 1; pthread_exit(0); }

2. 异步机制 - 信号：

本程序包括两个线程：

线程1安装SIGUSR1,阻塞除SIGUSR2外的所有信号；

线程2安装SIGUSR2,不阻塞任何信号

操作流程：

1- 线程1、2安装信号；

2- 主线程发送SIGUSR1和SIGUSR2至线程1和线程2；

3- 线程1接收到除SIGUSR2之外的信号，阻塞不执行；当收到SIGUSR2后，执行对应操作；

4- 线程2接收到SIGUSR1和SIGUSR2后，分别执行对应操作

5- 主线程发送SIGKILL信号，结束整个进程

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <signal.h> #include <stdlib.h> void *th_first(void *arg); void *th_second(void *arg); pthread_t tid1, tid2; void handler(int signo) { printf("In handler: tid_%s, signo=%d\n", ((pthread_self() == tid1)?"first":"second"), signo); } int main() { int ret = 0; //1. create first thread ret = pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, (void *)*th_first, NULL); if(0 !=ret) { perror("pthread_create"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } //2. create second thread ret = pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, (void *)*th_second, NULL); if(0 !=ret) { perror("pthread_create"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } sleep(2); //3. send the signal of SIG_USER1 and SIG_USER2 to thread_first ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGUSR1); if(0 !=ret) { perror("pthread_kill"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGUSR2); if(0 !=ret) { perror("pthread_kill"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } //4. send the signal of SIG_USER1 and SIG_USER2 to thread_second_ sleep(1); ret = pthread_kill(tid2, SIGUSR1); if(0 !=ret) { perror("pthread_kill"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } ret = pthread_kill(tid2, SIGUSR2); if(0 !=ret) { perror("pthread_kill"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } sleep(1); //5. send SIGKILL to all threads ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGKILL); if(0 !=ret) { perror("pthread_kill"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } pthread_join(tid1, NULL); pthread_join(tid2, NULL); return 0; } void *th_first(void *arg) { //1. Add SIGUSR1 signal signal(SIGUSR1, handler); //2. Set the sinagl set sigset_t set; sigfillset(&set); //init set to be full, include all signal sigdelset(&set, SIGUSR2); //delete the SIGUSR2 from the set variable pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &set, NULL); //set the current mask set to be defined set variable //3. Circular wait the signal int i; for(i=0; i<5; i++) { printf("\nThis is th_first, tid=%#x\n ", pthread_self()); pause(); } } void *th_second(void *arg) { usleep(100); //1. Add the signal of SIGUSR2 signal(SIGUSR2, handler); //2. Circular wait the signal int i; for(i=0; i<5; i++) { printf("\nThis is th_second, tid=%#x\n", pthread_self()); pause(); } }