- central nervous system (CNS)
- peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- enteric nervous system (ENS)
做这部分的科研必须要把这个问题搞得一清二楚,当前到底研究到什么地步了?
从胚胎发育的起源到成熟个体大脑中各种subtype的细胞类型的作用。
- entoderm 内
- mesoderm 中
- ectoderm 外
分清两个发育过程:
- 生命发育,就是个体的其他器官的发育
- 智能发育,特指神经系统地发育
The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis - introduction
- The implantation of the blastocyst on embryonic day (E) 4.0 is followed by gastrulation and the formation of germ layers on E6.5–E7.51,2 .
- At the early-somite stages, the embryo transits from gastrulation to early organogenesis, forming the neural plate and heart tube (E8.0–E8.5).
- In the ensuing days (E9.5–E13.5), the embryo expands from hundreds-of-thousands to over ten million cells, and concurrently develops nearly all major organ systems.
- Unsurprisingly, these four days have been intensively studied. Indeed, most genes that underlie major developmental defects can be studied in this window3,4.
首先,看一下成熟的人和老鼠体内的神经系统是什么样的;
Nervous System - 粗略大概
Nervous System - 3D
其次,每部分的神经系统里面各有哪些subtype的神经细胞;
Nervous system physiology Khan Academy - 神经系统生理学
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
Neuronal subtypes and diversity revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the human brain
Neuronal subtype specification in establishing mammalian neocortical circuits
最后,这些神经细胞是如何一步一步从受精卵发育而来的;
这就是我要做的工作
Development of the Nervous System - 在线阅读,看书是学习最快的方法
另附一门课程:Medical Neuroscience
neuron structure神经元结构
soma - cell body 细胞躯体
neurite - 神经突起
dentrite and axon - 树突和轴突
hillock - 突起与soma连接的部分
myelin - 髓鞘
ranvier - gap of myelin
synapse - 突触,不是递质
neural stem cell -> neuroblast -> unipolar -> bipolar -> multiplor -> pseudo-unipolar
neuron function神经元功能
gun and target 枪靶
resting membrane potential 静止膜电位,外正内负
graded potential 级量点位
neurotransmitter 神经递质
整体分类
- afferent 传入 and sensory 感觉
- efferent:motor and autonomic
- interneuron
neuron types常见神经元类型
Astrocytes - star cells,glial cells,derive from neural stem cells,end feet特征,form the scaffold of CNS,CNS中的保姆细胞;
Microglia - small glue,very small,mesoderm
Ependymal cells - 室管膜细胞,也是glial cells,epithelium表层
Oligodendrocytes - 少突细胞,也是glial cells,连接
Schwann cells - 许旺细胞,PNS的glial cells,derive from neural crest cells,单独包裹
Neuron resting potential电位
神经细胞膜,外正内负。将膜外电压设为0,则膜内电压大约为-60mV。
由一些核心的离子iron来维持电压,特定的离子通道非常重要。
胞外环境就像大海,离子的进出只会改变胞内的浓度,胞外的大海的改变可以忽略不计。
Neuron graded potential
级量电位幅值随阈上刺激强度的增大而变高,而反应频率不发生变化的电位。与动作电位不同,不是可传递神经信息的表达形式,只能引起感受器或突触后膜的局部兴奋性变化。这种变化可以发生时间和空间总和,最终导致突触后神经元的发放或与此相联系的感觉神经元的兴奋。
Neuron action potential
动作电位,形式固定,有髓鞘绝缘,可以传递得很快很远。
总结:释放的神经递质会通过离子蛋白来改变神经元膜上的电位,电位达到一个阈值就会产生动作电位,动作电位可以在轴突里高速传递,直到抵达突触,释放神经递质,影响靶细胞。
Effects of axon diameter and myelination
影响传递速度的两个因素
Action potential patterns
和计算机科学高度相关,多个输入信号如何整合成输出信号。
Synapse structure突触结构
有两个类型:
- chemical
- electrical
cleft
Types of neurotransmitters
- amino acids: glutamate, gamma-aminobutryic (GABA), glycine [两种功能:depolarization, excite; inhibitory, hyperpolarization]
- peptides
- monoamines
Types of neurotransmitter receptors
Neurotransmitter removal
Neuroplasticity
Membrane Receptors
Ligand Gated Ion Channels
G Protein Coupled Receptors
Enzyme Linked Receptors
相关数据库:
Molecular Architecture of the Mouse Nervous System - p19-p23, 8w
The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis - 部分数据可用
待续~